Mkangano waposachedwa—ndi kusintha kwa mfundo—pakugwiritsa ntchito masks a nkhope kuti tipewe kufalikira kwa Covid-19 ukuvumbula mfundo ziwiri zoonekeratu. Pazifukwa zina, takhala tikuchita izi mosiyana pankhani ya thanzi la anthu. Sitikuwona ma op-ed omwe amafunsa ngati anthu akuyeneradi kukhala kutali ndi wina ndi mnzake mumsewu, m'malo mwa mamita atatu, kapena zomwe zimatipangitsa kukayikira ngati ndi lingaliro labwino kulimbikitsa nthawi yosamba m'manja yomwe ndi yayitali masekondi 20. Koma pankhani yophimba nkhope zathu, akatswiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhwima kwambiri. M'masabata aposachedwa, akatswiri apereka upangiri wosamala—kapena anakana kugwiritsa ntchito masks ndi anthu onse—pomwe adapempha umboni wabwino komanso wotsimikizika. Chifukwa chiyani?
Ndithudi, ali ndi chowonadi kuti mabuku ofufuza okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba sapereka mayankho omveka bwino. Palibe mayesero akuluakulu azachipatala omwe amatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba payekha kungalepheretse kufalikira kwa mliri; ndipo omwe amafufuza chigoba ndi chimfine apereka zotsatira zosamveka bwino. Koma umboni wochepa uwu sutiuza zambiri, mwanjira iliyonse: Mayesowa satsimikizira kuti zigoba ndi zothandiza, kapena kuti ndi zoopsa kapena kuwononga nthawi. Izi zili choncho chifukwa maphunzirowa akhala ochepa komanso akukumana ndi mavuto azachipatala.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za kuyesa kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito zigoba pakati pa ophunzira aku koleji aku US mu nyengo ya chimfine ya 2006-07. Kuchepa kwa matenda pakati pa omwe amavala zigoba pankhope mu kafukufukuyu sikunali kofunikira kwambiri. Koma chifukwa kafukufukuyu adachitika panthawi yomwe idapezeka kuti ndi nyengo yochepa ya chimfine, mayesowo analibe mphamvu zowerengera funsoli; panalibe odwala okwanira kuti ofufuza azindikire ngati kuvala zigoba kunathandiza pa ukhondo wa manja okha. Sanathenso kuletsa kuthekera kwakuti ophunzira anali kale ndi kachilomboka mayeso asanayambe.
Kapena tengani kafukufuku wina wa nyengo yomweyi ya chimfine, nthawi ino ku Australia, womwe sunapeze zotsatira zenizeni. Munthu ameneyo anayang'ana akuluakulu omwe amakhala ndi ana omwe anali ndi chimfine. Anthu ochepera theka omwe adasankhidwa mwachisawawa m'gulu la ovala zigoba anati amagwiritsa ntchito "nthawi zambiri kapena nthawi zonse." Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri ankagona pafupi ndi ana awo odwala popanda iwo. Izi sizikufanana ndi funso loti ngati muyenera kuvala chigoba pakati pa alendo ogulitsa zakudya pakati pa mliri.
Koma nayi mfundo: Munthu angadandaulenso chimodzimodzi za umboni wotsimikizira kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala amagwiritsa ntchito chigoba. Ngakhale aliyense akuvomereza kuti njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri m'zipatala ndi m'zipatala, sizikutanthauza kuti tili ndi umboni wotsimikizika kuchokera ku mayeso osankhidwa mwachisawawa. Mayeso ochepa azachipatala omwe tili nawo ogwiritsira ntchito chigoba kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti apewe chimfine sakuwonetsa zotsatira zomveka bwino; komanso sangasonyeze kuti ma respiratory respiratory a N95 ogwira ntchito bwino kuposa ma surgery masks. Mayeso amenewo nawonso ndi osakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, wina anayesa kugwira ntchito kwa ma surgery masks poyerekezera ogwira ntchito zachipatala omwe amavala ndi omwe amavala ma surgery masks kapena ma respiratory masks, komanso gulu lowongolera lomwe linkatsatira "machitidwe wamba" kuchipatala. Zinapezeka kuti antchito ambiri m'gulu lowongolera anali kuvala ma surgery masks, kotero kafukufukuyu sanathe kuwonetsa ngati ma surgery masks anali abwino (kapena oipa) kuposa osavala ma surgery konse.
Zoonadi, maziko asayansi a ogwira ntchito zachipatala ogwiritsira ntchito masks sachokera ku mayeso azachipatala okhudza kufalikira kwa chimfine kapena miliri. Amachokera ku zoyeserera za labotale zomwe zikusonyeza kuti masks amatha kuletsa tinthu ta mavairasi kuti tisadutse—pali osachepera khumi ndi awiri—ndi kuchokera ku maphunziro owongolera milandu panthawi ya mliri wa coronavirus wa 2003 womwe unayambitsa SARS. Maphunziro a SARS amenewo sanali a ogwira ntchito zachipatala okha.
Ndi zoona kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala kapena anthu ena osamalira anthu odwala Covid-19 ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kachilombo ka corona kuposa wina aliyense. Pankhani ya kusowa kwa chigoba, mwachionekere ali ndi ufulu wopeza chithandizo. Koma si chifukwa chonenera kuti palibe chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito chigoba ndi aliyense. Kupatula apo, palibe mayeso azachipatala omwe amatsimikizira kuti mtunda wa mamita 6 umateteza matenda, monga momwe tikudziwira. (Bungwe la World Health Organization limangolimbikitsa mtunda wa mamita 3.) Ndipo mayeso azachipatala satsimikiziranso kuti kusamba m'manja kwa masekondi 20 ndikobwino kuposa kutero kwa masekondi 10 pankhani yochepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda mu mliri wa matenda opuma. Maziko asayansi a upangiri wosamba m'manja wa masekondi 20 kuchokera ku US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention amachokera ku maphunziro a labotale oyesa kachilombo m'manja mutasamba nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Kodi mfundo ziwirizi zokhudza zigoba za nkhope zinachokera kuti—ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani zinathetsedwa?
Ndikuganiza kuti makamaka chifukwa chakuti nthawi zonse takhala tikuchepetsa kachilomboka, pamene tikuganizira mopitirira muyeso mphamvu zathu zothanirana nako. Miao Hua, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu komanso wokhala ku chipatala cha Mount Sinai ku New York City, adadabwa ndi kusiyana kwa malingaliro okhudza kupewa matenda ku US poyerekeza ndi Wuhan. Ku China, analemba masabata angapo apitawo, kufalikira kwa zipatala kunathetsa mwachangu lingaliro lakuti njira zodzitetezera nthawi zonse zingakhale zokwanira kuletsa kachilombo ka corona katsopanoka. Zimene ankamva kuchokera ku China zinali zodabwitsa, adatero, ndipo makamaka nkhawa chifukwa cha "kulephera kwa gulu lachipatala la ku America kulemba mbiri yapadera ya Covid-19".
Kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa mfundo za CDC pothandizira masks kukusonyeza kuti kuvomereza kumeneku komwe kwakhala kukuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali mwina kwachitika. Mawu a bungweli akuti kusinthaku kwachitika chifukwa cha umboni wochuluka wakuti matendawa safalikira mofanana ndi chimfine: kuti anthu amatha kupatsirana komanso kusawonetsa zizindikiro, komanso kuti kachilomboka kangafalikire polankhula, komanso kukhosomola, kuyetsemula, komanso kukhudza malo oipitsidwa.
Ndikuganiza kuti kusafuna kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba kwa anthu onse, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo iwiri yotsimikizira umboni, kunayambitsidwanso ndi nkhawa kuti anthu sangagwiritse ntchito chigoba popanda kudzidetsa okha. Kapena kuti chigoba chingapereke lingaliro lolakwika la chitetezo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti achepetse mtunda wocheza ndi anthu kapena njira zina. Komabe, kulankhulana kogwira mtima ndikofunikira pano, monga momwe kwakhalira ndi njira yosamba m'manja mokwanira. Stella Quah, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Yunivesite ya Singapore, adaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu cha mliri wa SARS ku Singapore, komwe kampeni yazaumoyo wa anthu onse idaphatikizapo maphunziro okhudza ukhondo wa manja, komanso kuyeza kutentha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera chigoba cha nkhope. CDC idasintha malangizo ake a chigoba cha nkhope Lachisanu lapitali, kenako idalemba upangiri wochepa wa momwe mungavalire ndikuchotsa, pamodzi ndi malangizo opangira anu pogwiritsa ntchito bandanas ndi zosefera za khofi.
Maphunziro ochulukirapo kuposa amenewo adzakhala ofunikira, komabe, ngati zithunzi zonse zomwe tikuziwona pa TV za anthu okhala ndi zigoba zosaphimba mphuno kapena chibwano ndi chinthu chodalirika. Mbiri yaposachedwa ili ndi phunziro lomwelo. Pambuyo pa Mphepo Yamkuntho ya Katrina, makina opumira adalimbikitsidwa kwa aliyense amene akuchita ntchito yochotsa nkhungu ku New Orleans. Kafukufuku wa momwe izi zidagwirira ntchito kwa anthu 538 omwe adakhalapo adawonetsa kufunikira kwa maphunziro: 24 peresenti yokha ndi omwe adavala bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri anali anthu omwe adawagwiritsa ntchito kale; pakadali pano 22 peresenti ya anthu adavala makina awo opumira mozondoka. Olemba kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti: "Njira zowongolera zovala zopumira ziyenera kuganiziridwa pokonzekera kapena miliri ndi masoka a chimfine." Kafukufuku wa 2014 ku Wuhan adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito bwino makina opumira kwa ogwira ntchito omwe si azaumoyo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri ataphunzitsidwa.
Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito masks mofala (komanso moyenera) kungapangitse kusiyana komwe kachilomboka kanapulumuka? Kafukufuku wa mu 2018 wochitidwa ndi Jin Yan ndi anzake ochokera ku US Food and Drug Administration adapanga chitsanzo chozikidwa pa zomwe zanenedwa kuchokera ku deta ya labotale. Iwo adatsimikiza kuti ngati anthu 20 peresenti okha amagwiritsa ntchito masks, sizingasinthe kufalikira kwa chimfine. Komabe, potsatira malamulo 50 peresenti, kugwiritsa ntchito masks opareshoni okhala ndi kusefa kwambiri, zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zazikulu. Izi ndi zotsatira chabe za chiphunzitso, ndipo tikudziwa kuti kufalikira kwa Covid-19 kwakhala m'malo omwe palibe kugwiritsa ntchito masks ambiri. Kumbali ina, pamene kufalikira sikungatheke, ngakhale gawo laling'ono ndilofunika.
Pamapeto pake, n'zovuta kuthawa kukayikira kuti miyezo iwiri yokhudza masks sikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi sayansi koma kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe pa momwe timachitira ndi miliri. Kusiyanaku kwakhala kukuwonekera kuyambira mliri woyamba wa coronavirus, SARS, womwe unasintha malingaliro ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi thanzi la anthu ku Asia. Sikuti ndi masks okha: Mayiko omwe si a ku Asia nawonso achita mosiyana poyesa kutentha kwa anthu kapena kupha tizilombo m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Komabe, palibe chatsopano pa chizolowezichi. Nthawi zambiri timapempha umboni wapadera pamene chizolowezi sichikugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu. Mwatsoka, zimenezo n'zofala kwambiri; ndipo asayansi sali otetezeka.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-09-2020